Taft Heights, CA
129 local rules on file · Pop. 1,999 · Kern County
Showing ordinances that apply to Taft Heights, CA
Taft Heights is an unincorporated community with a population of approximately 1,999 in Kern County, California. Because Taft Heights is not an incorporated city, it does not have its own municipal government or city code. Instead, Kern County ordinances apply directly to residential and commercial properties here. The rules below are the county-level regulations that govern your area. Nearby incorporated cities in Kern County may have different rules.
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🏡 Home & Property
🌿 Yard & Garden
🏠 Renting & Housing
🔊 Noise & Neighbors
🐾 Animals & Farming
🔥 Fire & Safety
🚗 Parking & Streets
💼 Business & Licensing
📋 Permits, Signs & Events
🌎 Environment & Utilities
🛡️ Privacy & Civic
🏗️ Accessory Structures
ADU Rules
Some RestrictionsKern County Zoning Ordinance Chapter 19.90 allows one accessory dwelling unit per legal lot, capped at 1,200 square feet, subject to minimum lot size and zoning district setbacks.
Garage Conversions
Some RestrictionsKern County's Chapter 19.90 ADU rules let homeowners convert an existing garage into an ADU subject to size and standards, but other garage conversions to living space still require a…
Shed & Carport Rules
Some RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County, carports are regulated as residential accessory structures, and the combined size of all detached accessory buildings on a residential parcel is capped…
Tiny Homes
Some RestrictionsKern County has no tiny-home-specific ordinance: a tiny house built on a permanent foundation can be permitted as an accessory dwelling unit under Zoning Ordinance Chapter 19.90…
🔊 Noise Ordinances
Barking Dogs
Heavy RestrictionsSection 7.08.380 of the Kern County Code makes it unlawful to keep or harbor any animal whose howling, yelping, barking, or other noise disturbs or annoys a neighborhood. Each day of…
Construction Hours
Some RestrictionsSection 8.36.020 prohibits construction noise between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. weekdays and 9:00 p.m. and 8:00 a.m. weekends when audible at 150 feet from the site, if the site is…
Decibel Limits
Some RestrictionsStationary noise sources at commercial and industrial sites within 500 feet of residentially developed and zoned property in unincorporated Kern County may not exceed an average 65 dB…
Aircraft Noise
Some RestrictionsKern County does not impose local aircraft-overflight noise restrictions; aircraft noise is federally preempted by the FAA. The county participates in a FAR Part 150 Noise…
Leaf Blower Rules
Some RestrictionsNo Kern County-specific ordinance directly restricts leaf blower use, hours, or decibel levels in unincorporated areas; the county's general noise rules and California's statewide…
Quiet Hours
Some RestrictionsKern County's Noise Control chapter (Title 8, Chapter 8.36) does not set general residential quiet hours; only construction noise has explicit time limits. The 'loud and raucous noise'…
Amplified Music & Outdoor Sound
Significant RestrictionsSection 8.36.020 of the Kern County Code prohibits operating any public address system or sound equipment when the sound emanates beyond the confines of a permanent building to a…
🧱 Fence Regulations
Height Limits
Some RestrictionsIn Kern County's Estate (E) and Residential (R-1, R-2, R-3) zones, fences in the required front yard cannot exceed 4 feet, while side and rear yard fences are capped at 6 feet. Heights…
Neighbor Fence Rules
Few RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County, boundary-fence disputes between neighbors are governed by California's Good Neighbor Fence Act (Civil Code Section 841), which presumes adjoining…
Fence Permit Requirements
Some RestrictionsPer the California Building Code as adopted in Kern County Title 17, fences not over 7 feet high are exempt from building permits. Fences exceeding 7 feet, masonry retaining walls, and…
Retaining Walls
Some RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County, a retaining wall needs a building permit if it is over 4 feet tall measured from the bottom of the footing to the top of the wall, or if it supports a…
Material Restrictions
Significant RestrictionsKern County prohibits barbed wire and electrified fences in residential and Estate zones, with narrow exceptions: electrified fences are allowed only for animal containment on…
🐔 Animal Ordinances
Breed Restrictions
Some RestrictionsKern County has no breed-specific ordinance: state law (Cal. Food & Agric. Code §31683) preempts breed bans. Dogs are regulated by conduct under Kern County Code §7.08.270, which…
Mandatory Spay/Neuter
Some RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County does not mandate spaying or neutering of pets. Owners of unaltered dogs instead pay higher license fees ($60 per year versus $15 for altered dogs), and…
Pet Limits
Some RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County sets no fixed cap on pets per household. The practical line is commercial activity: more than one litter a year, or boarding, training or selling animals for…
Dog Leash Laws
Light RestrictionsKern County requires dogs to be leashed and controlled, or confined, on public property and other people's land under KCC § 7.08.150; off-leash is allowed only on the owner's secured…
Exotic Pets
Heavy RestrictionsExotic animal ownership in unincorporated Kern County is controlled by California state law. Fish and Game Code section 2118 makes it unlawful to import, transport, or possess…
Pet Groomer Rules
Some RestrictionsKern County doesn't license a grooming shop that only bathes, clips, or plucks animals. But Section 7.08.015(Y) flips the moment a groomer boards pets overnight: a grooming shop that…
Bird Protection
Significant RestrictionsKern County makes it a misdemeanor to trap, hunt, shoot or molest any bird or wild fowl, or rob bird nests, within the North Edwards Bird Sanctuary, a mapped tract surrounding the…
Microchipping
Some RestrictionsKern County doesn't force every pet owner to microchip a dog or cat that has never seen the shelter. But once an animal passes through the county's impound system, microchipping…
Cat Rules
Few RestrictionsKern County Code Chapter 7.08 requires every dog over four months old to be licensed, tagged, and vaccinated, but the same chapter never imposes a license, tag, or fee on cats. Section…
Veterinary Clinic Zoning
Some RestrictionsKern County's zoning ordinance treats veterinary clinics differently by district. A household-pet clinic with no outside kennels is permitted by right in the C-1 and C-2 commercial…
Beekeeping
Some RestrictionsKern County requires every beekeeper to register colonies annually with the Agricultural Commissioner and keep hives clear of neighbors. Apiaries must sit at least 20 feet from a state…
Chickens & Livestock
Some RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County, poultry and livestock keeping is tied to zoning: § 19.60.020 permits it in the Residential Suburban (RS) district and Chapter 19.12 in agricultural…
🏠 Short-Term Rentals
Taxes & Fees
Significant RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County levies a 6% Transient Occupancy Tax under Code Chapter 4.16, authorized by California Revenue and Taxation Code Section 7280. Operators must register with…
Occupancy Limits
Some RestrictionsKern County's Transient Occupancy Tax Chapter 4.16 does not set per-bedroom guest caps, overnight occupancy limits, or daytime gathering limits for short-term rentals in the…
Short-Term Rental Permits
Significant RestrictionsKern County does not require a stand-alone short-term rental permit, but every operator of a hotel, vacation rental, or short-term lodging in the unincorporated area must register with…
Noise Rules
Some RestrictionsKern County has no STR-specific noise ordinance, but Ordinance Code Chapter 8.36 prohibits loud and raucous noise and restricts amplified sound in unincorporated areas. Construction…
Short-Term Rental Parking Rules
Some RestrictionsNo Kern County ordinance imposes parking requirements specifically on short-term rentals. The standard residential off-street parking minimums of Zoning Ordinance Chapter 19.82 apply…
🌿 Landscaping Rules
Tree Removal & Heritage Trees
Some RestrictionsRemoving a western Joshua tree anywhere in Kern County requires authorization from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife under the Western Joshua Tree Conservation Act. The…
Tree Trimming
Some RestrictionsKern County requires non-ornamental trees to be limbed up at least 6 feet from the ground, with dead limbs removed and trees and limbs cleared at least 10 feet from chimney outlets…
Water Restrictions
Some RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County requires new and rehabilitated landscapes to comply with California's Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) under Title 19, Chapter 19.86 of the…
Weed Ordinances
Some RestrictionsKern County Ordinance Code Chapter 8.46 declares weeds and other hazardous growths a public nuisance subject to abatement, administered by the Fire Department under the Fire Hazard…
Rainwater Harvesting
Some RestrictionsNo Kern County-specific ordinance restricts residential rainwater harvesting in unincorporated areas. Under the California Rainwater Capture Act of 2012, property owners may capture…
Artificial Turf
Heavy RestrictionsNo Kern County ordinance prohibits artificial turf in unincorporated areas, and state law bars the county from prohibiting living drought-tolerant landscaping on residential property…
🚗 Parking Rules
Abandoned Vehicles
Some RestrictionsKern County declares abandoned, wrecked, dismantled, or inoperative (WDI) vehicles a public nuisance: a vehicle left 72 or more consecutive hours on a county road, or on private…
Street Parking Limits
Some RestrictionsKern County prohibits parking a vehicle on any state highway in the unincorporated county for 72 or more consecutive hours, adopted under California Vehicle Code authority.
Commercial & Oversized Vehicles
Some RestrictionsKern County Title 19 limits truck parking at a residence to one truck under 5 tons used for employment or an approved home occupation, and bans any commercial vehicle of 10,000+ lbs…
Overnight Parking
Heavy RestrictionsKern County does not impose a blanket overnight parking ban on unincorporated streets, but any vehicle left in place for 72 consecutive hours can be declared abandoned and removed…
Driveway Rules
Some RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County, off-street parking areas and driveways must be surfaced with approved materials, residential driveways must be at least 14 feet wide with 15 feet of…
EV Charging
Some RestrictionsCalifornia law requires Kern County to approve applications to install electric vehicle charging stations administratively through a nondiscretionary building permit, limits county…
Loading Zones
Some RestrictionsKern County's zoning ordinance requires commercial, industrial, and larger residential developments in unincorporated areas to provide on-site loading and unloading space in addition…
Preferential Parking Districts
Light RestrictionsKern County can create preferential parking zones on unincorporated streets under Vehicle Code Section 22507, but the county code currently names only one: a short stretch of North…
Curb Color Rules
Light RestrictionsKern County's director of roads, not a separate curb-paint code, decides where street curbs get painted or signed for no-parking, loading, bus, taxi and angle-parking zones under…
RV & Boat Parking
Some RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County has no blanket ban on storing an operable, registered RV or boat at home, but zoning parking requirements (§ 19.82.020), the 72-hour abandoned-vehicle rule…
🔥 Fire Regulations
Fireworks
Heavy RestrictionsOnly State Fire Marshal-approved 'Safe and Sane' fireworks may be sold or used in unincorporated Kern County, and they are entirely prohibited within the Wildland-Urban Interface Fire…
Fire Pits & Backyard Fires
Some RestrictionsSmall recreational backyard fires for cooking or warmth are allowed under California Fire Code § 307 as adopted by Kern County, but any burning of vegetation, debris, or trash requires…
Brush Clearance
Some RestrictionsKern County requires 30 feet of clearance of all non-ornamental combustibles around every structure and a total 100 feet of fuel reduction, enforced annually by the Kern County Fire…
Outdoor Burning
Some RestrictionsOpen burning of vegetation in unincorporated Kern County requires a burn permit from the Kern County Fire Department, may only occur on declared 'permissive burn days' during the…
Wildfire Zones
Some RestrictionsKern County adopted its own Wildland-Urban Interface Code (Ordinance Code Chapter 17.34), tying local hazardous fire areas to the state Fire Hazard Severity Zones, and in 2025 released…
Propane Storage
Some RestrictionsThe Kern County Fire Code requires a construction permit to install or modify LP-gas containers of 125 gallons water capacity or more (other than at a single-family residence) and caps…
💼 Home Business
Zoning & Home Occupation Permits
Some RestrictionsKern County Zoning Ordinance § 19.94.040 limits home occupations to 25% of the gross area of one floor of the residence (or equivalent accessory building space), restricts work to…
Signage Rules
Heavy RestrictionsKern County prohibits all home occupation signs in unincorporated areas. Under § 19.94.040(9), 'No sign shall be permitted, other than the clearly posted address of the home.' The…
Home Daycare
Some RestrictionsKern County Chapter 19.96 sets development standards and a Planning Director permit process for large family day-care homes serving up to 14 children, though California law now treats…
Cottage Food Operations
Some RestrictionsKern County residents can sell approved low-risk homemade foods as cottage food operations. Class A operations register with Kern County Public Health for direct sales; Class B…
Customer Traffic Restrictions
Some RestrictionsHome occupations in unincorporated Kern County must be run by appointment only and solely by residents of the home. Freight deliveries beyond normal residential frequency are…
🏊 Swimming Pools & Spas
Fencing & Safety Requirements
Light RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County enforces the California Residential Code Appendix V and the state Swimming Pool Safety Act, which require pool enclosures at least 60 inches tall, with…
Pool Permits
Some RestrictionsA building permit from the Kern County Building Inspection Division is required before constructing any swimming pool, spa or hot tub in unincorporated Kern County. The County adopts…
🌍 Environmental Rules
Flood Zones
Significant RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County requires a development permit before any construction, grading, or land alteration in a mapped special flood hazard area. The Public Works Director, acting…
Flood Elevation Requirements
Some RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County, new construction and substantial improvements in a special flood hazard area must have the lowest floor, including any basement, elevated at least one…
Boat Dock Permits
Some RestrictionsA private boat dock's permit requirement in unincorporated Kern County turns on the parcel's zoning district. Zoning Ordinance Section 19.42.020 lists 'Boat dock, private' as a use…
Stormwater Management
Significant RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County bans dumping anything but rain into the county's storm drains. Kern County Code § 14.26.250 makes it unlawful to introduce sanitary wastewater, litter…
Erosion Control
Some RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County requires a grading permit before any excavation or fill under Section 17.28.040 of the Grading Code, and Section 17.28.140 then makes erosion control…
🚷 Public Conduct
Public Alcohol Use
Some RestrictionsKern County bans selling or drinking alcohol, or carrying an opened alcoholic beverage container, at Lamont Park, Virginia Avenue Park, Heritage Park, Lost Hills Park, and Rexland…
Outdoor Smoking Restrictions
Heavy RestrictionsKern County outright bans smoking, along with open fires, camping and firearms, throughout the Kern River Riparian Preserve Park, a mapped stretch of riverside land the county operates…
Skateboarding Rules
Light RestrictionsAnyone riding a skateboard at a county-owned or operated skateboard park in Kern County must wear a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads. Skating without all three pieces of gear is a…
Public Marijuana Use
Significant RestrictionsKern County bans smoking, ingesting, or otherwise using cannabis products anywhere in a county park or other public place, including park parking areas. Adults 21 and older face a fine…
Loud Party Ordinance
Significant RestrictionsKern County treats gatherings at vacant, for-sale homes occupied without the owner's consent as 'nuisance parties' under Ordinance Code Section 9.36.020 when they produce disorderly…
🔧 Building Safety
Fire Sprinkler Requirements
Some RestrictionsKern County follows the statewide residential fire sprinkler mandate for new one- and two-family dwellings but carves out its own exemption for additions and alterations to existing…
Electrical Permits
Some RestrictionsInstalling, energizing or altering electrical equipment or wiring anywhere in unincorporated Kern County requires a permit from the building official under Section 17.24.090, with…
Building Inspections
Some RestrictionsEvery permitted building project in unincorporated Kern County must post an inspection record card on site before work starts, under Section 17.08.100 (and its Residential Code twin…
Green Building Code
Light RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County builds under the 2025 California Green Building Standards Code, known locally as the Kern County Green Building Code. Section 17.10.020 adopts that portion…
Plumbing Permits
Some RestrictionsKern County's Plumbing Code covers new construction and any alteration, repair or reconstruction of plumbing systems in the unincorporated county under Section 17.20.020, adopting the…
🎬 Filming & Production
Location Permits
Some RestrictionsKern County's Division of Countywide Communications, through its Film Commission, holds sole authority to issue location film permits for any production company or individual recording…
Street Closures
Significant RestrictionsKern County treats a commercial film, TV, video or still-photo shoot that closes a public street the same as any other special event: Chapter 12.12 defines "event" to include such…
🌙 Curfew Laws
Park Curfew
Some RestrictionsKern County closes its public parks to public use and occupancy between 10:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m., with named exceptions for mountain recreation areas, designated campgrounds, and…
Juvenile Curfew
Some RestrictionsUnemancipated minors cannot loiter, wander or roam by vehicle on public streets, parks or businesses in unincorporated Kern County between 10:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m., under Ordinance…
🎪 Special Events & Permits
Park Event Permits
Some RestrictionsExclusive or business use of a Kern County park, recreation area, or recreational facility requires a written permit, license, lease, or concession agreement from the director of parks…
Block Party Permits
Significant RestrictionsA block party, celebration or other non-parade gathering that closes a street in unincorporated Kern County counts as an "event" under Chapter 12.12, and organizers need a temporary…
Parade Permits
Significant RestrictionsOrganizing, holding or joining a parade on any unincorporated Kern County street, sidewalk or public park requires a sheriff-issued permit under Chapter 12.32, filed at least thirty…
🌱 Cannabis Regulations
Buffer Zones
Significant RestrictionsKern County bans smoking or otherwise using cannabis products within 1,000 feet of any school, day care center, or youth center while children are present. The home carve-out only…
Dispensary Zoning
Heavy RestrictionsKern County bans every commercial cannabis business, medicinal and recreational alike, in all zone districts of the unincorporated county. Zoning Ordinance Section 19.08.055 blocks any…
📐 Building Setbacks & Zoning
Structure Height Limits
Some RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County's R-1 Low-Density Residential district, houses are capped at three stories or 35 feet, whichever binds first, and detached accessory buildings top out at…
Setback Rules
Some RestrictionsIn Kern County's R-1 low-density residential district, buildings must have a front-yard setback of at least 25 feet, side yards of at least 5 feet (10 feet on the street side of corner…
🍔 Food Trucks & Mobile Vendors
Vending Zones
Some RestrictionsStreet vendors and food peddlers who occupy private property in unincorporated Kern County for eight or more hours a day, on more than fourteen days in a calendar year, are running a…
Sidewalk & Mobile Vending
Some RestrictionsMobile food vendors in unincorporated Kern County cannot park a cart, wagon or vehicle in one spot to sell food or drinks for more than 30 minutes in any 24-hour period, or return to…
Food Truck Permits
Some RestrictionsEvery mobile food vehicle selling liquids or edibles in unincorporated Kern County needs a $15-a-year Chapter 5.32 license per cart, wagon or vehicle, on top of the county's general…
🩺 Public Health Rules
Restaurant Grade Cards
Some RestrictionsEvery food facility in unincorporated Kern County must post its inspection grade card where patrons can see it, under Ordinance Code Section 8.58.040. The card shows a letter grade (A…
Food Handler Certification
Some RestrictionsKern County does not run a blanket food handler card program; instead, Ordinance Code Sections 8.59.020 and 8.59.030 let the public health director order specific facility staff into…
Rodent Control
Some RestrictionsKern County Code Section 8.28.110 makes every person in possession or control of a structure or lot responsible for keeping it free of waste accumulations that attract or harbor…
Syringe Disposal
Light RestrictionsKern County requires anyone throwing out home-generated needles or other sharps to first seal them in a puncture-proof, rigid container, or a legal sharps container, before disposal…
🪧 Sign Regulations
Window Signs
Some RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County, a window sign counts as exempt from Chapter 19.84's sign permit only if it stays under a hard cap: painted glass signs, poster paper signs, and placards…
Political Signs
Some RestrictionsTemporary political, religious and civic campaign signs in unincorporated Kern County can stay up no more than 90 days and must come down within 15 days after the campaign ends. In…
🗑️ Trash & Recycling
Illegal Dumping
Heavy RestrictionsDumping discarded materials on a public right-of-way, vacant lot or waterway in unincorporated Kern County is a misdemeanor under Section 8.28.080, carrying a $1,000 administrative…
Collection Schedule
Some RestrictionsInside a Kern County universal collection area, the property owner must subscribe to, pay for and use the franchise hauler's regularly scheduled trash service, whether or not the…
Recycling Rules
Some RestrictionsEvery property owner in unincorporated Kern County, residential or commercial, must keep discarded-materials containers on site and participate in the county's franchise hauler's one…
Dumpster Rules
Some RestrictionsUnincorporated Kern County requires every property owner to keep enough discarded-material containers on site, sized to the waste actually generated there, and the franchise hauler…
Bin Placement Rules
Some RestrictionsIn unincorporated Kern County, containers set out for franchise pickup must sit at the curb, alley or another spot the hauler can reach, at the time the hauler designates for…
Recycling Requirements
Some RestrictionsEvery owner of a single-family, multi-family or commercial property in unincorporated Kern County must keep discarded-material containers on site and either subscribe to the franchise…
Mandatory Organics Recycling
Some RestrictionsKern County's SB 1383 rules require commercial edible food generators, grocery stores, food service providers and similar tier one and tier two businesses, to recover the maximum…
Pickup Rules & Schedules
Some RestrictionsEvery owner of single-family, multi-family or commercial property in unincorporated Kern County must keep discarded-materials containers on-site and arrange collection through a…
🚶 Sidewalk & Pedestrian Rules
Encroachment Permits
Significant RestrictionsDigging, excavating, placing material, or building curbs, driveways or other improvements in a public highway right-of-way in unincorporated Kern County requires an encroachment permit…
Obstruction Rules
Some RestrictionsBlocking a sidewalk with personal property in unincorporated Kern County is allowed for no more than one hour a day, and the code's narrow trade exception only reaches three feet from…
🛏️ Homelessness & Encampment Rules
Encampment Sanitation
Significant RestrictionsKern County bans camping on public property for more than three consecutive days in the same spot, plus any semi-permanent structure. Before enforcement officers can clear a site…
Sit-Lie Rules
Significant RestrictionsKern County Code Section 8.30.040 bars sitting, lying, sleeping or camping with the intent to camp on public sidewalks in a way that blocks ADA passage, and bans the same conduct…
🏪 Business Licensing & Operations
Secondhand Dealers
Some RestrictionsKern County requires a secondhand dealer to hold a sheriff-issued business license under Chapter 5.04, using the state Department of Justice application form, and the sheriff cannot…
Tattoo & Body Modification
Some RestrictionsAny tattoo, piercing, branding or permanent-cosmetics business in unincorporated Kern County needs an environmental health permit from the Director of Public Health Services before…
Auto Repair on Residential Property
Heavy RestrictionsKern County's home occupation rules flatly exclude car repair and small engine repair from the list of businesses a resident may run out of a house in unincorporated areas. The same…
Massage Establishments
Significant RestrictionsKern County requires two layers of permitting for massage businesses under Ordinance Code Section 8.70.020: every practitioner must hold current CAMTC certification, since the county…
Tobacco Retail License
Significant RestrictionsSelling tobacco products anywhere in unincorporated Kern County without a tobacco retailer's permit is a misdemeanor under Ordinance Code Section 8.60.020, with each day of unlicensed…
Adult Entertainment
Significant RestrictionsKern County requires board of supervisors approval before any adult business opens in the unincorporated county, on top of a 1,500-foot buffer from residential zones, schools, churches…
💡 Outdoor Lighting
Dark Sky Rules
Some RestrictionsKern County's Dark Skies Ordinance, Zoning Chapter 19.81, requires any outdoor fixture of 100 watts or more, or emitting 1,600 lumens or more, to be fully shielded downward…
Light Trespass & Shielding
Some RestrictionsKern County's outdoor lighting chapter defines a 'fully shielded' fixture as one that projects no light rays above the horizontal plane at its lowest light-emitting point, and bars any…
🗺️ Zoning Overlays & Bonuses
🚪 Soliciting & Door-to-Door
🖥️ Data Centers & Crypto Mining
Data Center Zoning & Siting
Few RestrictionsKern County has no dedicated data center ordinance. In unincorporated areas a data center is an industrial use, sited in the M-1, M-2, or M-3 districts under Zoning Ordinance Title 19…
Data Center Noise Limits
Some RestrictionsKern County's Zoning Ordinance caps stationary commercial and industrial noise at 65 dB Ldn measured at the nearest home when a use sits within 500 feet of residential zoning (Section…
Cities in Kern County
Other Communities in Kern County
These unincorporated areas are also governed by Kern County ordinances.