Landscaping Rules in New Jersey (2026)
157 rules on the books across New Jersey, 46 cities and counties. Select a rule to read the full details.
Severity: Few Restrictions · Light Restrictions · Some Restrictions · Significant Restrictions · Heavy Restrictions
Tree Trimming
Rules about trimming trees that overhang sidewalks, streets, or neighboring properties, and when you need permission to prune city trees.
Elizabeth
Significant RestrictionsElizabeth requires a written permit from the department of public works before anyone cuts, prunes, trims, breaks…
Read full rule →Hoboken
Significant RestrictionsCutting, trimming or otherwise disturbing a tree on a Hoboken street, park or right-of-way requires written permission…
Read full rule →Atlantic County
Some RestrictionsTrimming or removing a tree that sits within or overhangs an Atlantic County road right-of-way requires a written…
Read full rule →Bayonne
Some RestrictionsIn the City of Bayonne, a public utility is barred from pruning any street tree for overhead line clearance without an…
Read full rule →Bergenfield
Some RestrictionsBergenfield property owners and tenants must keep tree branches, hedges and other plant life along a public sidewalk…
Read full rule →Bloomfield
Some RestrictionsIn Bloomfield Township, New Jersey, where the Township Council deems it necessary for public safety, owners must keep…
Read full rule →Cherry Hill
Some RestrictionsCherry Hill Township property owners must care for every tree on their land out to the curb line, and the Director of…
Read full rule →Clifton
Some RestrictionsClifton requires plant life growing within 10 feet of any street or within 50 feet of an intersection or rail crossing…
Read full rule →East Orange
Some RestrictionsIn the City of East Orange, § 51-193N(1) makes the property owner responsible for trimming or removing any private tree…
Read full rule →Freehold Township
Some RestrictionsOwners of property fronting a Township-planted street tree must trim overhanging branches to keep 15 feet of clearance…
Read full rule →Galloway Township
Some RestrictionsGalloway Township requires owners/tenants to cut brush, hedges and other plant life within 10 feet of a roadway (and 25…
Read full rule →Hamilton
Some RestrictionsHamilton Township makes property owners responsible for cutting back trees, shrubs, and hedges within 10 feet of any…
Read full rule →Howell
Some RestrictionsIn Howell Township, no one cuts, trims or removes a living tree of four inches or more DBH in a right-of-way without…
Read full rule →Jersey City
Some RestrictionsCutting, trimming, pruning, breaking, or sawing any part of a Jersey City tree requires a Division of Forestry permit…
Read full rule →Lakewood
Some RestrictionsLakewood Township requires anyone operating a tree cutting, trimming, spraying or removal business within its borders…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Gloucester
Some RestrictionsIn Monroe Township, Gloucester County, every owner of a tree overhanging a street or right-of-way must prune it to…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Middlesex
Some RestrictionsIn Monroe Township, Middlesex County, no person can cut or trim a living tree or shrub in a highway or public place…
Read full rule →New Brunswick
Some RestrictionsIn the City of New Brunswick, no one can cut, prune, climb with spikes, break, injure or remove a tree, shrub or plant…
Read full rule →Newark
Some RestrictionsNewark requires written permission from the Director of Public Works before anyone trims, cuts, or prunes a tree on a…
Read full rule →Parsippany Troy Hills
Some RestrictionsIn Parsippany-Troy Hills, owners and tenants must keep brush, hedges and other plant life within 25 feet of a roadway…
Read full rule →Plainfield
Some RestrictionsIn the City of Plainfield, every owner of a tree overhanging a street or right-of-way must trim it to leave a clear…
Read full rule →Ridgewood
Some RestrictionsVillage of Ridgewood Code § 190-119E requires every homeowner in a residential zone to keep tree branches trimmed to a…
Read full rule →Toms River
Some RestrictionsToms River property owners must prune any tree overhanging a street or sidewalk to keep at least eight feet of…
Read full rule →Trenton
Some RestrictionsWhen limbs or branches hang over a Trenton street or sidewalk and interfere with free passage, the Department of…
Read full rule →Vineland
Some RestrictionsIn the City of Vineland, owners of trees overhanging a street right-of-way must prune branches to keep an eight-foot…
Read full rule →Wayne
Some RestrictionsIn Wayne Township, New Jersey, the owner or tenant of land along a public street must keep the sidewalk area clear of…
Read full rule →Hackensack
Light RestrictionsHackensack's zoning code requires street trees to be trimmed and maintained so they provide at least seven feet of…
Read full rule →West New York
Light RestrictionsIn the Town of West New York, NJ, cutting a branch or limb of a tree within the lines of a street or public place takes…
Read full rule →Tree Removal & Heritage Trees
Permit requirements for removing trees on private property, protected and significant tree thresholds, replacement planting standards, and the penalties for unpermitted removal.
Essex County
Heavy RestrictionsEssex County bans damaging, cutting, transplanting or removing any tree or plant across its county park system…
Read full rule →Mercer County
Heavy RestrictionsMercer County makes it illegal to cut, dig up, or remove trees, shrubs, or turf on county-owned property such as parks…
Read full rule →Bloomfield
Significant RestrictionsIn Bloomfield Township, New Jersey, cutting down or removing any tree with a caliper of six inches or greater, measured…
Read full rule →Brick
Significant RestrictionsBrick Township requires a Shade Tree Commission or Engineering Department permit before cutting, removing, or killing…
Read full rule →Burlington County
Significant RestrictionsBurlington County's Parks System Rules and Regulations flatly prohibit cutting, digging up, or removing any vegetation…
Read full rule →Cherry Hill
Significant RestrictionsRemoving, cutting or trimming more than 30% of any tree five inches or greater in diameter anywhere in Cherry Hill…
Read full rule →Clifton
Significant RestrictionsClifton requires a permit before cutting down any tree four inches or more in caliper or clearing a site, with fees…
Read full rule →East Orange
Significant RestrictionsIn the City of East Orange, § 51-193O(2) bars anyone from cutting, pruning, breaking, climbing, injuring or removing a…
Read full rule →Elizabeth
Significant RestrictionsElizabeth requires anyone removing a street tree of 2.5 inches DBH or more, or six or more trees at 6 inches DBH per…
Read full rule →Hamilton
Significant RestrictionsHamilton Code § 550-117 requires written Township approval before removing any tree with a trunk 4 inches or more in…
Read full rule →Hoboken
Significant RestrictionsIn the City of Hoboken, no one may cut, remove, or destroy a tree growing on a street, public place, park, or parkway…
Read full rule →Howell
Significant RestrictionsIn Howell Township, removing trees needs a tree removal permit from the administrative officer unless an exemption…
Read full rule →Jersey City
Significant RestrictionsJersey City's Chapter 321 bars anyone from damaging, girdling, or cutting a City tree's canopy, requires a Division of…
Read full rule →Long Branch
Significant RestrictionsLong Branch requires a Tree Removal Application before cutting down any street tree 2.5 inches DBH or larger, or any…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Middlesex
Significant RestrictionsIn Monroe Township, Middlesex County, a tree removal permit from the Conservation Officer is required to remove any…
Read full rule →Old Bridge
Significant RestrictionsIn Old Bridge Township, removing any tree with a trunk diameter of six inches or more requires a tree removal permit…
Read full rule →Parsippany Troy Hills
Significant RestrictionsIn the Township of Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, no person can destroy or remove five or more live trees exceeding…
Read full rule →Passaic
Significant RestrictionsRemoving a street tree with a trunk 2.5 inches or wider in Passaic triggers the city's Tree Replacement Requirements…
Read full rule →Plainfield
Significant RestrictionsIn the City of Plainfield, New Jersey, anyone removing a non-street tree with a DBH of six inches or more must file a…
Read full rule →Toms River
Significant RestrictionsToms River Township requires a permit before cutting, removing, or destroying any tree in the township under its…
Read full rule →Trenton
Significant RestrictionsRemoving a Trenton street tree of 2.5 inches DBH or a non-street tree of 6 inches DBH requires a City permit and…
Read full rule →Vineland
Significant RestrictionsIn the City of Vineland, § 425-85 of the City Code bars cutting or removing any tree with a diameter breast height of…
Read full rule →Wayne
Significant RestrictionsSection 129-18 of the Wayne Township Code requires a permit from the Director of Parks and Recreation or a designee…
Read full rule →Woodbridge
Significant RestrictionsNobody may cut, remove, kill or otherwise damage a tree standing in a Woodbridge street or public way without a permit…
Read full rule →Bayonne
Some RestrictionsRemoving or destroying a protected tree in Bayonne requires a permit from the Bureau of Building and a $20 filing fee…
Read full rule →Bergenfield
Some RestrictionsIn Bergenfield, cutting, removing, trimming or otherwise disturbing any tree or shrub standing on a public street…
Read full rule →Camden County
Some RestrictionsCamden County has no tree-removal permit for private land, that sits with your municipality, but inside its own parks…
Read full rule →East Brunswick
Some RestrictionsNo one in East Brunswick Township can remove or destroy a tree of six inches in caliper or larger without a tree…
Read full rule →Edison
Some RestrictionsTrees removed in Edison must be replaced under a size-based formula scaled to the percentage or diameter of trees…
Read full rule →Freehold Township
Some RestrictionsFreehold Township bars injuring, girdling, removing or destroying any tree, defined as a woody perennial four inches or…
Read full rule →Galloway Township
Some RestrictionsGalloway Township requires a tree removal and protection permit for tree removal tied to subdivisions and site plans…
Read full rule →Hackensack
Some RestrictionsHackensack folds tree removal into whatever site-plan, building or subdivision permit already covers the property, but…
Read full rule →Irvington
Some RestrictionsIrvington requires a written permit from the Division of Public Property before anyone cuts, trims or removes a shade…
Read full rule →Jackson
Some RestrictionsIn Jackson Township, New Jersey, removing any tree with a trunk diameter of six inches or more requires a tree removal…
Read full rule →Lakewood
Some RestrictionsRemoving any tree 10 inches or more in trunk diameter in Lakewood Township requires a tree removal permit from the…
Read full rule →Linden
Some RestrictionsLinden requires a tree removal permit under City Code § 20-3 before anyone cuts, destroys, removes or trims more than…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Gloucester
Some RestrictionsIn Monroe Township, Gloucester County, the Township Tree Commission can order removal of a dead or diseased private…
Read full rule →New Brunswick
Some RestrictionsIn the City of New Brunswick, New Jersey, Chapter 8.48 bars cutting or removing any tree with a diameter at breast…
Read full rule →Newark
Some RestrictionsRemoving, killing or destroying a tree on a Newark public street, in a city park, or on private property requires a…
Read full rule →Paterson
Some RestrictionsRemoving a Paterson street tree of 2.5 inches DBH or larger, or a private tree above the threshold, triggers a…
Read full rule →Piscataway
Some RestrictionsPiscataway Township Code Section 30-1.4 bars removing or destroying any tree without a tree removal and site clearing…
Read full rule →Ridgewood
Some RestrictionsBeyond the bare permit requirement, Village of Ridgewood Code Secs. 260-9 and 260-10 spell out what a tree removal…
Read full rule →West New York
Some RestrictionsIn the Town of West New York, NJ, removing or damaging a public shade tree needs a Building Department permit at $25…
Read full rule →Weed Ordinances
Requirements to keep weeds and grass below a set height, the numeric limits (commonly 8 to 12 inches), abatement notices, and the liens cities can place after mowing it themselves.
Atlantic County
Some RestrictionsAtlantic County's Public Health Nuisance Code, adopted from the 1953 New Jersey model code, declares the growth of…
Read full rule →Bayonne
Some RestrictionsBayonne caps grass, weeds and other plant growth on all premises and exterior property at 12 inches under City Code…
Read full rule →Bergenfield
Some RestrictionsBergenfield's Property Maintenance Code caps weeds and plant growth at eight inches on every maintained lot. Section…
Read full rule →Bloomfield
Some RestrictionsIn Bloomfield Township, Essex County, New Jersey, grass and weeds growth must not exceed nine inches under §…
Read full rule →Brick
Some RestrictionsBrick Township requires owners to keep bushes, hedges, and plant life within 10 feet of any street trimmed to no more…
Read full rule →Cherry Hill
Some RestrictionsCherry Hill Township caps weeds and other plant growth at ten inches on any improved or unimproved lot. Property…
Read full rule →Clifton
Some RestrictionsClifton caps brush, weeds and uncut grass at six inches on any lot in the City. Once growth exceeds that height, the…
Read full rule →East Brunswick
Some RestrictionsIn East Brunswick Township, turf grass and weeds on a property cannot exceed 10 inches in height, or 10 inches in…
Read full rule →East Orange
Some RestrictionsIn the City of East Orange, City Code § 159-62B caps weeds and grasses on any premises at 10 inches in height and bans…
Read full rule →Edison
Some RestrictionsEdison Township requires property owners and tenants to remove weeds, brush, dead trees, stumps and debris within ten…
Read full rule →Elizabeth
Some RestrictionsElizabeth prohibits letting brush, weeds, or obnoxious growths accumulate on any property when it creates a health…
Read full rule →Freehold Township
Some RestrictionsFreehold Township caps brush, hedges, and other plant growth within 10 feet of any roadway, and within 25 feet of a…
Read full rule →Galloway Township
Some RestrictionsOn residential premises (other than multifamily), Galloway Township prohibits weeds or plant growth exceeding 10…
Read full rule →Hackensack
Some RestrictionsHackensack requires owners and tenants to keep brush, hedges and other plant life trimmed to no more than three feet…
Read full rule →Hamilton
Some RestrictionsHamilton caps grass and weed growth at 10 inches on any residential property covered by its housing code. Section…
Read full rule →Hoboken
Some RestrictionsIn the City of Hoboken, grass and weeds on private property cannot exceed six inches under Section 136-2A(15), and the…
Read full rule →Howell
Some RestrictionsIn Howell Township, New Jersey, a general growth of weeds or grass cannot exceed 12 inches under the Property…
Read full rule →Irvington
Some RestrictionsTownship Code Section 439-28 declares ragweed, goldenrod, poison ivy, poison sumac and other noxious or poisonous weeds…
Read full rule →Jackson
Some RestrictionsJackson Township requires trees, brush, hedges and other plant life within 10 feet of any roadway, and within 25 feet…
Read full rule →Jersey City
Some RestrictionsJersey City declares ragweed, poison ivy, high weeds and overgrown brush and grass a public nuisance on any lot…
Read full rule →Lakewood
Some RestrictionsEvery owner, tenant, or person in possession of land in Lakewood Township, whether built on or not, must keep it free…
Read full rule →Linden
Some RestrictionsLinden prints two weed heights. For dwellings, the Housing Code treats a growth higher than six inches above the ground…
Read full rule →Long Branch
Some RestrictionsLong Branch requires every property owner or tenant to keep grass cut to no more than 12 inches, on any property in the…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Gloucester
Some RestrictionsIn Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, grass and weeds on the premises of any building cannot be allowed to…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Middlesex
Some RestrictionsIn Monroe Township, Middlesex County, all lots must be kept free from weeds or other plant growth in excess of 10…
Read full rule →New Brunswick
Some RestrictionsIn the City of New Brunswick, New Jersey, the Property Maintenance Code requires all premises and exterior property to…
Read full rule →Newark
Some RestrictionsNewark does not set a fixed inch limit on grass or weeds. Instead, owners and tenants of land bordering public…
Read full rule →Old Bridge
Some RestrictionsOld Bridge Township caps weeds and other vegetation on exterior property at 10 inches by locally amending the adopted…
Read full rule →Passaic
Some RestrictionsPassaic's property maintenance code requires owners and operators to keep the exterior of every property free of brush…
Read full rule →Paterson
Some RestrictionsPaterson can order any lot, yard or land cleared of brush, weeds or debris a municipal officer finds inimical to public…
Read full rule →Perth Amboy
Some RestrictionsIn the City of Perth Amboy, New Jersey, the owner or tenant of any land must remove cut grass, brush, leaves, weeds…
Read full rule →Piscataway
Some RestrictionsPiscataway's Property Maintenance Code, adopted at Township Code § 17-1, caps weeds and grass on any exterior property…
Read full rule →Plainfield
Some RestrictionsIn the City of Plainfield, owners, occupants and tenants must remove and destroy all brush, weeds, including ragweed…
Read full rule →Ridgewood
Some RestrictionsVillage of Ridgewood Code § 223-59A caps weeds and plant growth on every property at 10 inches and bans poison ivy…
Read full rule →Toms River
Some RestrictionsToms River Township can order owners to clear brush, weeds, high grass, and debris within seven days of notice, then…
Read full rule →Trenton
Some RestrictionsTrenton does not set a specific inch or foot height limit on lawn grass, but Chapter 38 declares the growth of noxious…
Read full rule →Vineland
Some RestrictionsCity Code § 247-1 caps brush, hedges and other plant life at two and a half feet within 10 feet of any roadway and…
Read full rule →Woodbridge
Some RestrictionsWoodbridge property owners and tenants must remove brush, weeds and debris once it becomes a health, safety or fire…
Read full rule →Parsippany Troy Hills
Light RestrictionsChapter 213 of the Parsippany-Troy Hills Township Code prints no grass height in inches. Section 213-22 requires…
Read full rule →West New York
Light RestrictionsIn the Town of West New York, New Jersey (Hudson County), Chapter 409 adopts the Weed Control Code of New Jersey…
Read full rule →Water Restrictions
Watering schedules, drought restrictions, and limits on outdoor irrigation including which days and times you can water your lawn.
New Jersey: statewide
StatewideSome RestrictionsThe NJ Department of Environmental Protection may impose statewide or regional water use restrictions during drought…
Read full rule →Jersey City
Significant RestrictionsWhen the Mayor declares a water emergency, Jersey City can ban all outside watering of lawns and plants or limit it to…
Read full rule →Newark
Significant RestrictionsOnce Newark's Mayor or the Governor declares a water emergency, the Newark Water Conservation Ordinance bans watering…
Read full rule →Old Bridge
Significant RestrictionsIn Old Bridge Township, watering restrictions are not a standing seasonal schedule: they exist only as an emergency…
Read full rule →Ridgewood
Significant RestrictionsRidgewood Water restricts lawn irrigation year round to two fixed days a week set by whether an address is odd or even…
Read full rule →Toms River
Significant RestrictionsToms River Township restricts lawn and yard watering only when the Township Council formally declares a water emergency…
Read full rule →Bergenfield
Some RestrictionsBergenfield's water conservation ordinance sets a permanent odd/even hand-held-hose watering schedule for a declared…
Read full rule →Bloomfield
Some RestrictionsIn Bloomfield Township, New Jersey, properties can water lawns only two days out of seven, only between 5:00 p.m. and…
Read full rule →Brick
Some RestrictionsBrick Township has no standing watering-day schedule; lawn sprinkling limits only kick in once the BTMUA or Township…
Read full rule →Elizabeth
Some RestrictionsElizabeth has no standing lawn-watering schedule; instead, the mayor can declare a water emergency by executive order…
Read full rule →Hoboken
Some RestrictionsIn the City of Hoboken, outdoor lawn and landscape watering is capped at two days a week year-round, tied to a…
Read full rule →Jackson
Some RestrictionsJackson Township, New Jersey lets the Mayor cut off nonessential water use once a water emergency is declared…
Read full rule →Lakewood
Some RestrictionsLakewood Township only imposes outdoor watering rules once the Mayor declares a water emergency under Code § 16-6.1…
Read full rule →Vineland
Some RestrictionsVineland City Code § 687-149 sets a year-round odd/even outdoor watering schedule for the City of Vineland…
Read full rule →Wayne
Some RestrictionsIn Wayne Township, New Jersey, water from the Wayne Township water system can be used on lawns and landscaping only on…
Read full rule →Woodbridge
Some RestrictionsWoodbridge has no year-round watering-day schedule. Outdoor irrigation limits only take effect after the Municipal…
Read full rule →Howell
Light RestrictionsHowell Township has no standing watering-day schedule. Chapter 320 lets the Township Manager declare a water emergency…
Read full rule →Linden
Light RestrictionsLinden has no standing watering schedule, but once the City Council declares a water emergency under City Code §…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Gloucester
Light RestrictionsMonroe Township, Gloucester County, requires every new permanent irrigation or sprinkler system, on municipal or well…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Middlesex
Light RestrictionsIn Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey, lawn sprinkling follows no fixed watering-day calendar. Chapter 127…
Read full rule →West New York
Light RestrictionsIn the Town of West New York, New Jersey, lawn watering limits apply only after the governing body adopts a resolution…
Read full rule →Rainwater Harvesting
Whether you can collect rainwater, how much you can store, and any permits or tank size restrictions for residential rain barrels and cisterns.
New Jersey: statewide
StatewideSome RestrictionsNew Jersey's statewide stormwater rule, N.J.A.C. 7:8, requires major developments to manage runoff with green…
Read full rule →Newark
Some RestrictionsNewark's zoning code requires wholesale, warehousing, and distribution facilities to install a rainwater capture and…
Read full rule →Toms River
Some RestrictionsToms River Township lets small nonresidential redevelopment projects skip full major-development stormwater review by…
Read full rule →Long Branch
Light RestrictionsLong Branch's West End Design Overlay (WEDO) District landscape standard calls for passive rainwater harvesting…
Read full rule →Bergenfield
Few RestrictionsBergenfield's water conservation ordinance exempts outdoor water drawn from rain harvesting, such as rain barrels, from…
Read full rule →Paterson
Few RestrictionsPaterson's stormwater code lists cisterns as an approved green infrastructure practice for major development, crediting…
Read full rule →Native Plants
Incentives or requirements for using native and drought-tolerant plants in your landscaping, and rules about replacing traditional lawns.
Howell
Some RestrictionsIn Howell Township, a multipurpose recreation and sports complex in the SED Zone must make at least 50% of all…
Read full rule →Monroe Township Gloucester
Some RestrictionsIn Monroe Township, Gloucester County, NJ, every application for major development must include a landscaping or…
Read full rule →Jackson
Light RestrictionsJackson Township Code § 244-193B(6) lets property owners plant native species and replace existing nonnative plants…
Read full rule →Long Branch
Light RestrictionsIn the West End Design Overlay (WEDO) District, Long Branch requires landscape plans for infill development to…
Read full rule →Artificial Turf
Rules about installing synthetic grass, including whether it counts toward water-saving rebates and any HOA or city restrictions.
Newark
Light RestrictionsNewark's vacant-property maintenance code lists artificial turf or sod as an acceptable way to cover the front, side…
Read full rule →Paterson
Light RestrictionsPaterson's code names artificial turf/sod as acceptable yard ground cover, but only inside the maintenance duty owners…
Read full rule →Brick
Few RestrictionsBrick Township's vacant-property code names artificial turf or sod as acceptable ground cover for registered vacant and…
Read full rule →Linden
Few RestrictionsLinden's property maintenance code lists artificial turf or sod as an acceptable yard ground cover for vacant and…
Read full rule →Piscataway
Few RestrictionsPiscataway Township's only code reference to artificial turf sits in the Abandoned Property ordinance: Property…
Read full rule →Composting
Rules for backyard composting bins and piles plus curbside organics, bin requirements, allowed materials, setbacks, pest control, and any mandated diversion programs.
Hoboken
Some RestrictionsIn the City of Hoboken, every bin used to collect refuse, recycling or compost must have a properly fitting…
Read full rule →Morris County
Some RestrictionsBackyard composting is allowed and encouraged. The Morris County Municipal Utilities Authority (MCMUA) runs two…
Read full rule →Newark
Some RestrictionsNewark allows composting as an accessory use on every residential lot, but Section 41:4-6-5 caps any compost area at…
Read full rule →West New York
Some RestrictionsIn the Town of West New York, New Jersey, dwelling units must compost leaves. Leaves are recycled either by composting…
Read full rule →Bayonne
Light RestrictionsBayonne lets residents compost leaves on their own property as one way to satisfy the City's mandatory leaf separation…
Read full rule →Bloomfield
Light RestrictionsBloomfield Township requires a composting location to be a minimum of 10 feet from each property line. Section 611-2…
Read full rule →Clifton
Light RestrictionsClifton hands out free compost, mulch and topsoil to residents at the City Hall Complex whenever supply is available…
Read full rule →Edison
Light RestrictionsEdison Township exempts a compost pile free of discarded foodstuffs from the property maintenance code's refuse…
Read full rule →Jackson
Few RestrictionsJackson Township, New Jersey does not set bin standards for backyard composting; instead, Township Code § 216-23 lets…
Read full rule →Paterson
Few RestrictionsPaterson lets residents compost leaves, grass clippings, brush and tree limbs on their own property instead of setting…
Read full rule →