Parking Rules in New York (2026)

New York City bars street storage of boat trailers, mobile homes, and mobile medical diagnostic vehicles: under 34 RCNY…

Greenburgh bars parking any automobile trailer or housecar in town except in a licensed tourist camp, with one narrow…

Mount Vernon bans parking any trailer or house car used for living or sleeping quarters anywhere in the city, including…

New Rochelle bans boats, camper trailers, motor homes and travel trailers of 18 feet or more from every district except…

Oyster Bay's Housing Standards code lets residents keep an RV, camper or trailer on their property, but bans using it…

Yonkers City Code § 43-41N allows only one recreational vehicle, camper, boat or trailer stored on a residential lot…

Albany's zoning code limits boats, boat trailers, utility trailers, campers and RVs to rear-yard storage only: front…

Inside Amherst's planned-development neighborhoods, the Zoning Ordinance flatly bans outside storage or parking of…

The Town of Babylon lets homeowners park a recreational vehicle or camper on their own property, but it can't be used…

Brookhaven's Neighborhood Preservation code flatly bars parking, placing or storing motor vehicles, trailers, boats or…

Cheektowaga lets a homeowner keep a house trailer, camping trailer, utility trailer or boat on residential property as…

Clarkstown lets a homeowner park one currently registered, unoccupied trailer, mobile home, boat or utility trailer in…

The Town of Colonie treats any vehicle over 25 feet long, eight feet wide, eight feet tall, or 8,000 pounds as an…

Huntington's zoning code limits how boats, trailers, and house coaches sit in a residential front yard: anything over…

Islip Traffic Code Section TC3-3.1 bans parking any personal trailer (which includes boat and utility trailers) on a…

Town Code § 28-22A(8) bars parking any motor vehicle or boat in a front yard except on a properly constructed and…

Within Oneida's Inside Corporation District, outdoor parking of boats, motor homes, trailers and PODS on residential…

Ramapo Code § 376-76 allows one house trailer, recreational vehicle, or boat and boat trailer to sit in an unenclosed…

Rochester residential lots may keep only one boat and boat trailer, camping trailer, ATV or camping vehicle outdoors…

Saratoga Springs lets you keep an RV, boat, or trailer outdoors in the front or corner side yard only if it's 8 feet or…

Schenectady zoning lets a residential lot store one boat and boat trailer, camping trailer, or recreational vehicle…

Utica's zoning code bans parking in front yards except a driveway. In the R1 residential district the driveway may be…

Recreational vehicles owned by a Town of Greece resident, including boats, boat trailers and travel trailers, may be…

Installing a new driveway or curb cut in Albany requires a Right-of-Way Access Permit from the Department of General…

Amherst bars parking vehicles in a required front yard unless it's on a paved surface, though driveways themselves may…

In Town of Babylon's A Residence District, vehicles must stay off the lawn: parking is limited to the driveway or…

Brookhaven caps how much of a residential front yard can be paved or graveled for parking or a driveway: no more than…

Buffalo Code § 307-48 bars parking any vehicle on the unpaved part of a residential lot's front yard, between the lot…

In Cheektowaga's residential districts, open off-street parking generally cannot sit in the required front or exterior…

Clarkstown prohibits parking or storing any vehicle in a front, side or rear yard unless it sits on a driveway or…

The Town of Colonie's design standards cap driveway width at 16 feet within the required front-yard setback for two-car…

Glen Cove bars parking a vehicle on a front or side lawn with all four wheels on the grass, under City Code Section…

Greece's zoning code sets a 22-foot minimum length for residential driveways, measured exclusive of the apron, and…

Adding a parking space for a Greenburgh ADU requires at least one off-street spot per unit, and any driveway widened to…

Huntington caps how much of a residential front yard, outside the driveway or garage, can hold parked or stored motor…

Islip caps nonvegetative front-yard parking surface, asphalt, gravel or stone, at 40% of the front-yard area under Town…

Mount Vernon requires access driveways serving one- and two-family homes to be at least nine feet wide, set back three…

New York City zoning bars grass or dirt driveways: every open off-street parking space in a front, side, or rear yard…

North Hempstead's property maintenance code bans parking any motor vehicle or boat in a front yard except on a driveway…

Oyster Bay's zoning code limits residential off-street parking to registered private passenger vehicles on paved…

Ramapo Code § 376-71 lets one-, two- and three-family homes use the driveway behind the front house line as a parking…

Rochester's Zoning Code caps parking for one-, two-family and attached dwellings at three vehicles per unit and bans…

Schenectady confines residential front-yard driveways to the strip directly in front of an attached or built-in garage…

Smithtown bars parking or storing cars, trailers and boats in a required front yard unless the surface is paved, and…

A Utica curb-cut permit is required to build or widen a driveway approach, and a residential curb cut may not exceed 20…

Single- and two-family homes in Yonkers may park at most two currently licensed passenger vehicles in a paved…

Commercial vehicles, tractor-trailers, buses and advertising vehicles are banned from parking on any Islip town road…

Commercial vehicles in New York City face strict limits: under 34 RCNY 4-08(k) they must be permanently altered and…

Amherst bars parking any vehicle longer than 225 inches, wider than 80 inches, or taller than 81 inches on a…

In the Town of Babylon's A Residence District, parking or storing a commercial vehicle on residential property for more…

Brookhaven bans parking commercial vehicles rated 10,000 pounds or more on residential streets and residential property…

Cheektowaga's zoning code lets a residential property garage only one personal-use commercial vehicle, like a pickup or…

In Colonie's Single-Family and Multifamily Residence Districts, no vehicle or equipment used mainly for commercial or…

Greenburgh bars commercial vehicles from parking on any street between 1:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., and from traveling…

Huntington's zoning code bars residents from keeping commercial vehicles or construction equipment on residential…

Mount Vernon bans commercial vehicles, including tractor-trailers, buses and heavy equipment, from parking on any City…

North Hempstead's Uniform Traffic Code bars commercial vehicles from parking overnight, between 10:00 p.m. and 6:00…

Smithtown zoning bans large commercial vehicles from parking or storing within 100 feet of a residence district, and…

City Code § 15-318(b) prohibits parking or leaving a motor truck or commercial vehicle unattended on any…

Albany prohibits parking an unattached trailer, including boat and utility trailers, on any city street, and limits…

Commercial vehicles may not sit on a Clarkstown town street or sidewalk for more than three hours where parking is not…

Glen Cove City Code § 280-46 bars garaging any commercial vehicle in a residential zoning district unless the vehicle's…

The Town of Greece's Property Maintenance Code allows only one commercial vehicle to be parked on a residential…

The Town of Hempstead bars parking or leaving standing any bus, commercial vehicle, house coach, livery vehicle…

New Rochelle limits how long a commercially licensed vehicle, bus or trailer can sit on a public street under City Code…

The City of Oneida, Madison County, New York bars parking any truck over 2 1/2 tons (5,000 pounds) in a mapped…

In Oyster Bay's residence districts, Town Code § 246-5.5.24.1 caps home-parked commercial vehicles at one per property…

Ramapo Code § 376-75 caps residential-district commercial vehicle parking at one vehicle of 25 feet or less, and it…

Trucks, commercial vehicles, trailers, RVs, tractors and tractor-trailers cannot sit parked on a Rochester street for…

Saratoga Springs bars any tractor, trailer, semitrailer, or truck over five tons registered gross weight or 35 feet…

Schenectady bars buses and commercial vehicles over one ton, or with at least a six-wheel base, from parking or…

Yonkers bans parking a commercial vehicle, trailer, semitrailer, house-on-wheels, bus, school bus, or any food-delivery…

New York City regulates on-street parking under the DOT Traffic Rules (34 RCNY 4-08): vehicles must be parked parallel…

In Albany residential permit parking areas, a vehicle without a valid permit may park for no more than two consecutive…

Amherst bars parking any vehicle on a Town highway or county road for more than 24 consecutive hours, a blanket limit…

Town of Babylon Traffic Code sets exact parking mechanics for the town's unincorporated hamlets: vehicles must park…

Buffalo's Parking Violations Bureau enforces a detailed schedule of parking fines ranging from $50 to $125, with…

Cheektowaga bars parking any vehicle on a Town or county road for more than 24 consecutive hours, a townwide standard…

Clarkstown bars parking within 10 feet of a firehouse, theater or church entrance and anywhere it leaves less than 12…

Colonie requires every vehicle parked on a marked Town street space to stay inside the painted lines, and on curbless…

On-street parking in Erie County is regulated by each town, city, and village and by New York State Vehicle and Traffic…

Glen Cove bans parking or standing in front of a public or private driveway except to briefly pick up or drop off a…

Greece bars parking on Town streets without current registration or inspection, more than 12 inches from the curb, on…

Greenburgh follows the New York Vehicle and Traffic Law for general on-street stopping and standing, but § 460-16…

Huntington requires every vehicle parked in a marked street or Town-lot space to stay inside the lines and face the…

On Islip town roads, parking is governed by the Town's Traffic Code (Chapter TC3) read together with the New York State…

Mount Vernon's Traffic Code bars parking that blocks a driveway or obstructs a lawfully parked vehicle, and separately…

Nassau County bans parking or leaving vehicles on designated snow routes once the County Executive declares a snow…

New Rochelle bars parking any motor vehicle or trailer on a street or public place for more than 48 continuous hours…

North Hempstead bars any motor vehicle from parking, stopping or standing on a sidewalk, driveway apron or handicapped…

The City of Oneida, Madison County, New York requires vehicles parked in the congested district to sit within painted…

Oyster Bay bans parking anywhere a no-parking sign is posted, during posted no-parking hours, or beyond the posted time…

Ramapo bans standing or parking in marked fire zones and no-parking areas under Town Code § 267-9, lets the Chief of…

Rochester bars parking within five feet of any driveway, blocking two-way passage on a street, or stopping against…

Saratoga Springs regulates on-street parking under City Code Chapter 225: vehicles must sit parallel within six inches…

Schenectady bars parking that leaves too little roadway width for traffic to move freely. City Code § 248-44 lets…

Section 15-316(a) bars standing or parking a vehicle on a Syracuse street in sixteen specific spots, including in front…

On-street parking is legal where not signed otherwise. Where signs are posted, no person may park at any time on…

Yonkers Code § 109-74 makes it unlawful to park anywhere parking is posted as prohibited or restricted, or in front of…

Islip enforces a winter overnight on-street parking ban: from December 15 through March 15, no vehicle may park on a…

Inside the Hartsdale Public Parking District's Site A garage, overnight parking on the second level requires a…

Schenectady bans overnight on-street parking for larger commercial vehicles. Under City Code § 248-87, no bus or…

Smithtown Code Section 101-6F bars parking overnight in Town parks and beaches, with narrow exceptions for permitted…

Suffolk County prohibits parking any vehicle on county-owned or county-controlled property overnight, from sunset to…

Amherst bans overnight street parking every winter: no vehicle may park on any Town or county road between 1:00 a.m…

The Town of Babylon has no single townwide overnight parking curfew. Traffic Code § TC-3-4 instead lets the Town Board…

Brookhaven Code § 10-19.1 bans overnight parking without authorization at the Town's North, South, and East parking…

From November 1 to April 1, Cheektowaga bans overnight street parking between 1:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. on all Town and…

Clarkstown bars parking on every town street, road and highway between midnight and 6:00 a.m. each night from November…

Glen Cove bars overnight parking at its municipal beach lots. Mercandante Beach at Garvies Point, Pryibil Beach and…

Greece bans parking on all Town and county streets between midnight and 8:00 a.m. every night from November 1 through…

Buses, trucks, trailers, taxis, house coaches and other commercial vehicles cannot be parked on any Hempstead street…

Huntington bars parking or leaving unattended heavy equipment, trucks and commercial rigs on Town roads between 10:00…

On nine named commercial corridors, Mount Vernon bans all on-street parking between 2:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. under City…

On streets listed in Schedule XIII, New Rochelle bars overnight parking during set nighttime windows under City Code §…

New York City has no blanket overnight parking ban for ordinary cars; under 34 RCNY 4-08(m)(9) a vehicle may stay…

North Hempstead's Uniform Traffic Code bars any commercial vehicle from parking on a residence-district street between…

The City of Oneida, Madison County, New York bans parking on any street or public lot for more than 30 minutes between…

Rochester bars leaving a vehicle parked on any city street for more than 12 hours without moving it, including…

Saratoga County bars overnight parking in county-owned and leased lots from midnight to 6 a.m. every night between…

Saratoga Springs has no year-round overnight parking ban, but once the Public Works Commissioner declares a snow…

City Code § 15-318 bars parking on any street inside Syracuse's central traffic district between midnight and 7:00 a.m…

Utica uses alternate 24-hour parking: where signed, you park on one side of the street for 24 hours beginning at 11:00…

Tompkins County Code § 162-13 lets the County Legislature or its designee set overnight hours when parking is banned or…

Buffalo has no "dibs" ordinance blessing lawn chairs or cones in a shoveled spot. City Code § 413-8 bars placing any…

New York has adopted statewide building code and Public Service Commission rules governing EV charging installation…

Albany reserves signed parking spaces exclusively for electric vehicles actively charging, and non-EVs or disconnected…

Town of Babylon requires any solar carport built over parking in the town's business, industrial, PIP or…

Brookhaven's Table of Parking Requirements, Code § 85-852, requires 5% of all parking stalls to carry an electric…

Added to the parking chapter in 2025, § 290-22C permits electric vehicle charging stations in every Clarkstown zoning…

Glen Cove designates electric vehicle charging spaces at the Pulaski Street and Brewster Street parking garages under…

Huntington's Town Board designates specific spaces on public streets and in Town-owned lots as electric vehicle parking…

In Mount Vernon's MVW Transit-Oriented Development District near the Mount Vernon West train station, any parking lot…

New Rochelle regulates electric vehicle charging stations under Zoning Code § 331-45A and § 331-115.4. Personal EV…

North Hempstead lets commercial properties count up to 10% of parking spaces devoted to EV charging toward off-street…

Utica's 2021 Zoning Code requires new construction to install two EV charging ports per 10 parking spaces, and it…

New or rebuilt parking garages and open lots built or funded under a County contract must dedicate 10% of spaces to EV…

Yonkers requires a building and electrical permit for every Level 2 or Level 3 electric vehicle charging station and…

Rochester's zoning code treats electric vehicle charging stations as an accessory use, permitted in every zoning…

Buffalo supports EV charging infrastructure with public stations downtown and at municipal lots. NY State supports…

NY State Energy Conservation Construction Code (2020) requires new construction to include EV-ready parking…

New York City's zoning code lets any accessory parking space in residence or commercial districts host electric vehicle…

The City of Oneida, Madison County, New York, allows a private electric vehicle charging station as an accessory use at…

EV charging in Orange County NY is governed by the NY State Uniform Code and NEC Article 625. The NY CLCPA (2019)…

Schenectady lists electric vehicle charging stations among the permitted accessory uses allowed on any lot alongside a…

New York Vehicle and Traffic Law sets uniform definitions and removal procedures for abandoned vehicles statewide…

Abandoning any vehicle anywhere in the Town of Babylon is unlawful, with fines escalating from $500 to $2,500 per…

Storing or depositing a junked, abandoned, or dangerous motor vehicle, or its parts, on any property in Schenectady is…

Albany makes it unlawful to park, store, or abandon a junk vehicle on private property for more than one week, with…

Amherst's Vehicles, Abandoned chapter deems a car abandoned after set time thresholds: six hours unregistered, 24 hours…

Greece prohibits storing a junked motor vehicle on private property unless it sits inside a fully enclosed building, is…

Huntington deems a vehicle abandoned if it sits plateless for over 6 hours, poses a safety risk with plates on, stays…

New Rochelle bans storing or depositing any abandoned, junked, discarded, dismantled, or unregistered motor vehicle on…

The City of Oneida, Madison County, New York bars keeping an abandoned or junked motor vehicle on private property…

Oyster Bay Town Code makes it a violation, fined $250 to $1,000 and up to 15 days in jail, for an owner to abandon a…

Ramapo bans abandoning a vehicle anywhere in Town and gives junked, wrecked or partially dismantled vehicles only 24…

Rochester bans storing a junked vehicle out in the open on private property unless it's necessary for a lawfully sited…

Storing an abandoned, junked or discarded motor vehicle outdoors on public or private property anywhere in Syracuse is…

Yonkers City Code prohibits leaving a disabled or willfully abandoned motor vehicle on any public street, highway or…

Albany County Code Chapter 288, Article I, adopted in 1970, defines when an unattended vehicle counts as abandoned on…

Brookhaven's Highways chapter lets the Town remove, store and dispose of abandoned vehicles under Vehicle and Traffic…

Vehicles with three or more outstanding parking summonses within 18 months may be towed or immobilized (booted) in…

Cheektowaga's property maintenance code bars storing unlicensed, wrecked, partially dismantled or unregistered motor…

Clarkstown police may impound any vehicle abandoned on a town highway or left where parking is prohibited, then store…

Colonie's Highway Superintendent or Police Department may remove any vehicle abandoned or left unattended on a Town…

Glen Cove's traffic code treats an unattended car as abandoned if it has no plates for more than six hours, sits…

Once Greenburgh has lawfully impounded an abandoned vehicle, the Town may convert up to 1% of its unclaimed abandoned…

A vehicle left on a Hempstead street without plates for more than six hours, or parked illegally for more than 48…

New York Vehicle and Traffic Law authorizes the Town of Islip to remove and store vehicles abandoned on highways during…

Mount Vernon can tow any vehicle abandoned or illegally parked on a City street, and if it goes unclaimed for 15 days…

New York City's Sanitation Department must identify an abandoned vehicle on any street within 24 hours of a report and…

North Hempstead's Uniform Traffic Code treats a vehicle as abandoned if it has no license plates on any public street…

Saratoga County Code § 325-9 bars parking or abandoning a vehicle on County highways during snowstorms, floods, fires…

Saratoga Springs prohibits abandoning or storing any vehicle, or vehicle part, on any street or public place. A vehicle…

Abandoning a vehicle in any public place in Smithtown is a declared nuisance under Town Code Chapter 293, and the…

Chapter 160 lets Tompkins County treat an unattended vehicle as abandoned after set time limits, from as little as 6…

Storing an abandoned, junked, dismantled or unlicensed vehicle on private property in Utica is a public nuisance and…

Suffolk County's towing ordinance explicitly excludes abandoned vehicles: those fall under state Vehicle and Traffic…

In Utica, parking restrictions are established by official signs and curb markings erected by the Commissioner of…

Commercial vehicles picking up or dropping off passengers at Albany County Airport must buy an access card or lease…

Amherst zoning requires nonresidential buildings to provide dedicated off-street loading spaces sized at least 12 by 20…

The Town of Babylon designates curb zones, no parking, no standing, no stopping, bus stops and taxi stands, under its…

Brookhaven's noise code bars loading and unloading work, including handling crates, containers, building materials and…

Cheektowaga's zoning code sets no fixed loading-zone hours, but § 260-57 requires any loading or unloading platform or…

In the New City Hamlet Center's H1, H3 and H4 Districts, Clarkstown limits loading docks to one bay per building and…

Colonie does not run a fixed loading-dock schedule. Under § 190-48, the Planning Board sets the number, size and…

Glen Cove designates specific curb locations as loading zones through Schedule XIX of its traffic code, with some zones…

Within the Hartsdale Public Parking District, no vehicle may park in a bus stand, taxicab stand or loading area, and no…

Town of Hempstead Code § 80-9 limits parking in public parking fields outside marked loading areas to pleasure vehicles…

Huntington's zoning code requires off-street loading space whenever a building is enlarged by 50% or more, converted to…

Within Islip's Mixed-Use Planned Development District, dedicated loading docks are optional for tenants under 15,000…

New Rochelle designates specific curb locations as loading zones under City Code § 312-46, with each zone's hours and…

New York City reserves curb space with dedicated-use signs (including 'Loading Only,' 'Commercial Vehicles Only,' and…

Section 25 of North Hempstead's Uniform Traffic Code designates specific street segments as loading zones, listed…

The Town of Oyster Bay designates specific curb locations as loading zones and bars general parking there during set…

Ramapo Code § 376-77 requires off-street loading berths for every nonresidential use, sized 10 by 40 feet with a…

Schenectady caps loading-zone stops at 30 minutes for delivery and pickup of materials under City Code § 248-47…

Every nonresidential building or lot in Smithtown must provide off-street truck-loading spaces sized to its floor area…

Section 15-329 limits loading zones to two uses: a vehicle with commercial plates may stop only for the expeditious…

Utica requires off-street loading facilities for commercial and industrial uses, with each required loading berth at…

Yonkers caps commercial curb use in marked loading zones at 30 minutes and passenger zones at three minutes under City…

Only licensed commercial vehicles may stop in a Mount Vernon street space marked by official signs as a loading zone…

The City of Oneida, Madison County, New York caps stops in a marked loading zone at 30 minutes for loading or unloading…

A marked Rochester loading zone can only be used for expeditious pickup, delivery or loading of materials or passengers…

The Town of Babylon reserves spaces in its Downtown Copiague railroad commuter lots, and in Wyandanch Village lots on…

Hempstead created resident-only permit parking zones on designated streets in East Meadow near Nassau University…

Huntington designates certain Town parking fields under Schedule L as resident-commuter or non-resident commuter permit…

New Rochelle's only residential parking permit district covers Farragut Circle, Decatur Road and Sutton Manor Road…

The City of Oneida, Madison County, New York lets the Common Council designate specific streets or public parking areas…

Oyster Bay's Public Parking District designates certain streets, mostly near Long Island Rail Road stations, as…

Yonkers runs three named residential parking permit districts under Chapter 109, Article XII: Tibbetts Brook Park (§…

Buffalo runs one preferential parking district: the Fruit Belt Residential Pilot Parking Area around Buffalo General…

In the Hartsdale Public Parking District, Sites C, D, E and F are reserved for permit holders. Site C runs on…

When Albany declares a snow emergency, parking flips to the odd-numbered side of the street for the first 24 hours…

From November 15 through April 1, Buffalo bans parking on every street served by NFTA-Metro passenger buses between…

From December 1 through March 15, Greenburgh bans parking on any public highway between 1:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. so…

From December 15 through March 15, Islip prohibits parking any motor vehicle on residential or business-district…

Nassau County designates certain county roads as snow routes. Once the County Executive declares a snow emergency…

When New York City's Transportation Commissioner declares a snow emergency, standing and parking are banned on every…

When the Town Supervisor declares a snow emergency in North Hempstead, no vehicle may be parked or left on a designated…

When the Town Supervisor declares a snow emergency, or the National Weather Service predicts three or more inches of…

Section 15-337 makes it unlawful to park or stand on any street designated an emergency snow route once the mayor has…

The Town of Amherst requires anyone who plows snow with a vehicle outside the Village of Williamsville to hold an…

During a declared snow emergency, the Town of Babylon bans parking on residential streets and on the even side of…

Anyone plowing snow commercially in Cheektowaga outside Depew and Sloan needs a $25 Town Clerk permit, must carry…

When Glen Cove's Mayor declares a snow emergency, City Code Section 265-32.1 bans parking on the even-numbered side of…

Greece bans parking on all Town and county streets from midnight to 8:00 a.m. every night between November 1 and April…

Once the Town Supervisor declares a snow emergency, leaving a vehicle parked on any Town street is against the law…

Once three or more inches of snow falls within 24 hours, Mount Vernon declares a public snow emergency and bans parking…

New Rochelle bans on-street parking on designated Schedule XXVIII streets, such as Alden Court and Lakeview Road, once…

Ramapo bans parking on any public road once snow starts accumulating and keeps that ban in force until the street is…

When plowing crews can't get through, Rochester's Mayor can declare a snow parking emergency and ban parking along…

Every Saratoga Springs street except posted alternate-side blocks is a declared emergency snow route. When the…

When snow or ice exceeds three inches, Schenectady's Mayor can declare a snow emergency under § 248-38, forcing cars to…

Suffolk County law makes it illegal to shovel or dump snow into a handicapped parking space, with fines up to $200 per…

When the Mayor of Yonkers declares a snow emergency, City Code Chapter 108 bars parking on eleven signed emergency…

New Yorkers outside New York City who get towed or booted from a private lot rely on General Business Law 399-v, not a…

New York City sets its own towing and storage price ceilings rather than relying on New York State law, because General…

Albany sets its own ceiling on what a tow operator may charge when a vehicle is hooked without the driver's consent…

Town of Babylon Code § 198-50 caps a private-property tow at the rate posted on the lot sign plus storage of $25 per…

Buffalo runs its own impound lot and fixes both what the City charges and what a licensed tow company may charge…

Islip is a town in Suffolk County, not a city, and Chapter 51 of the Town Code puts a hard dollar ceiling on what a…

Suffolk County Code Chapter 796, Article I lets a private lot owner have a car towed only when that owner or a…